![]() ![]() Their findings established the foundation for QCM research in various scientific disciplines. In 1959, a research team led by Sauerbrey, a German physicist, examined the relationship between mass absorption on a quartz surface and its frequency offset during the gas phase. ![]() After that, scientists began to explore electromechanical areas and their relationships. The piezoelectric effect, discovered in 1880 by French physicists Jacques and Pierre Curie, improved our understanding of the electromechanical interactions that exist between crystalline materials’ electrical and mechanical states without inversion symmetry. Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) is a notable BAW resonator-based mass sensor. However, miniaturized BAW resonators can create high-sensitivity gravimetric sensors, making measurement of even a few atoms or molecules possible in laboratory conditions. Unfortunately, these methods feature a minimum mass that can be measured. ![]() Resonators are based on bulk acoustic waves (BAWs) and are versatile and robust methods for measuring mass. Resonators, in particular, have improved the mass measurement accuracy, precision, and resolution. Others have used cyclotrons or resonators to measure mass. Such techniques are accurate, precise, and capable of measuring even small masses. While this method is still widely used, more sophisticated, indirect techniques have been developed over time for example, measurements of spring expansion after mass loading. The earliest method for measuring mass involved balancing two weights at opposite ends of a stick suspended by its center. Mass and weight measurements are central to human curiosity and have been from the beginning of time. Lastly, we examine QCM’s theory and application to enhance our understanding of relevant electrical components and concepts. Then, we briefly review available measurement parameters and technological interventions that will inform future QCM research. We present various high-sensitivity coating techniques that use this novel sensor design. ![]() QCM-based sensor function is dictated by the coating material. This review will cover advancements in QCM sensor technologies, highlighting in-sensor and real-time analysis. These sensors are sensitive to high frequencies and can recognize ultrasmall masses. Functionalizing the electrode’s surface further enhances frequency change detection through to interactions between the sensor and the targeted material. The quartz crystal is sandwiched between two metal (typically gold) electrodes. QCM detection measures resonate frequency changes generated by the quartz crystal sensor when covered with a thin film or liquid. Due to its simplicity and low cost, the QCM sensor has potential applications in analytical chemistry, surface chemistry, biochemistry, environmental science, and other disciplines. Compared to other sensing devices, the Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) is well-established and has been considered and sufficiently sensitive for detecting molecules, chemicals, polymers, and biological assemblies. Thus, sensitive devices are needed for detecting and discriminating chemical and biological samples. Chemical detection is critically important for food and environmental quality control efforts, medical diagnostics, and detection of explosives. Many chemicals cause adverse health and environmental effects and require regulation to prevent pollution. Daily life involves contact with numerous chemicals, ranging from household elements, naturally occurring scents from common plants and animals, and industrial agents. Biological interactions within the body determine our physical condition and can be used to improve medical treatments and develop new drugs. Humans are fundamentally interested in monitoring and understanding interactions that occur in and around our bodies. ![]()
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